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CFD simulation of CO2 absorption from syngas by hollow fiber membrane

Number of pages: 137 File Format: word File Code: 31789
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: CFD simulation - CO2 absorption - Computational fluid dynamics - Hollow fiber membrane - Membrane contactor - Modeling - Separation of carbon dioxide - Slight wetting
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  • Summary of CFD simulation of CO2 absorption from syngas by hollow fiber membrane

    Dissertation

    Master's degree

    Department: Chemical Engineering

    Abstract

    In this research, a comprehensive two-dimensional model based on the finite element method (FEM) for modeling gas-solvent membrane contactors to remove Carbon dioxide [1] from synthesis gas has been proposed. Aqueous solution of monoethanolamine has been used as absorbent solvent stream and CO2/N2 gas mixture as gas stream. The absorbent solvent inside the tube and the gas mixture flow asymmetrically with the absorbent solvent in the shell section. Conversely, if the gas mixture flows inside the tube section, then the absorbent solvent flows asymmetrically with the gas mixture in the shell section. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique is used to solve the model equations by considering the dry conditions and partial wetting of the membrane. The average output concentration of carbon dioxide, absorption flux, overall mass transfer coefficient and carbon dioxide removal efficiency have been parametrically simulated by using operational quantities such as gas and solvent volume flow intensity, porosity, temperature and leaf geometry. The results show a good agreement between the experimental results and the simulated model.

    Key words: hollow fiber membrane contactor, carbon dioxide separation, modeling, simulation, computational fluid dynamics, dry conditions and partial wetting

    1-1- General

    1-1-1- Separation processes[1]

    Separation processes are one of the most important parts of most industrial and chemical processes. And it is an inseparable part in the upstream and downstream units. Many methods have been used to separate fluid components at different scales. In general, the basis of all these methods can be summarized in the following three categories:

    1. Separation by mass transfer between phases

    2. Separation by mass transfer within a phase

    3. Separation by chemical reaction

    In the first category, there are at least two phases. One of the phases is the main phase and the second phase causes mass transfer and separation by heat or work applied to the system. Distillation and absorption are examples of this. In the second category, the desired components are separated from one phase by passing through a barrier. And there is no phase change in this category, so the energy consumption is much lower than the first category. All types of membrane processes [2] can be included in this category. As it is clear from the name of the third category, mass transfer is associated with chemical reaction, and the magnitude of the reaction is very decisive. Figure 1-1 shows the schematic of separation of two-component mixture by membrane. Although it is difficult and perhaps incorrect to make a specific definition of the membrane, but the existence of a blade or selective barrier between two phases and for the purpose of separation, in general, it can be defined as the definition of the membrane. Of course, it should be noted that this is a macroscopic definition [3] of the membrane, while fluid separation is done on a microscopic scale [4]. And the mentioned definition does not say anything about the structure of the membrane. Membranes can be thin or thick, have a homogeneous [5] or heterogeneous [6] structure, particle transport can be active [7] or passive [8]. Passive transport can be driven by differences in concentration, pressure, and temperature [1]:

    Hollow fiber membrane contactors [9] are one of the types of membrane contactors that allow two fluids to be in direct contact without dispersing one phase into another. In membrane contactors used for gas absorption, the gaseous mixture flows on one side of the microporous membrane, while the liquid adsorbent (solvent) flows on the other side of the microporous membrane. And the mass transfer operation is performed by absorbing one or more gaseous components by the solvent. Figure 1-1 shows the schematic of the separation of the two-component mixture by the membrane.

    Figure (1-1) Schematic of two-phase system separation by hollow fiber membrane contactor [2].

    1-1-3- Membrane constituents

    The selection of membrane materials is an effective factor on absorption and chemical stability under operating conditions. Among the polymer materials, polypropylene (PP) [10], polyethylene (PE) [11] and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [12] are the most popular materials for making membranes. Due to their hydrophobic properties, these materials do not penetrate the solvent and increase the mass transfer flux. Polyvinylidene difluoro (PVDF) [13] is another type of polymer material that is used to make membranes. This material has a very good thermal and chemical resistance and it prevents chemical solutions such as acids, alkanolamines and halogens from causing corrosion in the membrane. Inorganic materials can also replace polymer materials. These materials have better chemical and heat resistance than polymer materials, but it is usually associated with wetting of the membrane [3]. 1-1-4- Types of membrane processes All membrane processes have a common feature, the separation operation is performed by a barrier called a membrane. Therefore, in order to learn more about different types of membrane processes, we briefly introduce the most important membrane processes [1]:

    Microfiltration, MF[14]: is one of the membrane processes that is very similar to conventional coarse pore filtration. And it is suitable for processes with suspended particles and emulsions. Microfiltration membranes are made of different organic materials such as polymers or different types of inorganic materials such as ceramics, metals and glasses. In these types of processes, inorganic membrane is often used instead of organic and polymeric membrane, due to its higher heat resistance. The driving force of these processes is the pressure in the range of less than 0.2 bar. Microfiltration membrane is widely used in industrial applications, where the particle size is larger than 0.1 micrometer. removal of CO2 gas from syngas. Aqueous monoethanolamine solution was used as the absorbent solvent flow and CO2/N2 gas mixture was used as the gas flow. The solvent absorbing solution flows in the fiber bore and the gas mixture circulates counter-currently to the solvent flow in the shell side. viceversa, if the gas mixture flows in the lumen side, then the solvent absorbing solution circulates counter-currently to the gas mixture in the shell side. CFD technique was applied to solve the model equations considering the non-wetted and partially wetted condition of the membrane. The average outlet CO2 concentrations, the absorption flux, overall mass transfer coefficient and the CO2 removal efficiencies are parametrically simulated by using the operational parameters such as gas and solvent flow rate, porous, temperature, and fiber geometrical characteristics. The obtained results show that between experimental results and simulation model were in good agreement.

  • Contents & References of CFD simulation of CO2 absorption from syngas by hollow fiber membrane

    List:

    Chapter 1: Introduction and general research. 1

    1-1- General. 2

    1-1-1- Separation processes. 2

    1-1-2- Membrane definition 2

    1-1-3- Membrane ingredients 4

    1-1-4- Types of membrane processes. 4

    1-1-5- hollow fiber membrane contactor. 8

    1-2- Explanation of the problem. 9

    1-3- Necessity of research in this field. 10

    1-4- Advantages and disadvantages of membrane contactors. 12

    1-5- Aims of simulation. 13

    Chapter 2: Literature and research background. 15

    2-1- Introduction. 16

    2-2- The history of membrane separation 17

    2-3- The background of membrane research 18

    2-3-1- Laboratory studies. 19

    2-3-2- Theoretical studies. 20

    2-3-3- Studies on problem modeling and simulation. 22

    Chapter 3: Research method. 24

    3-1- Introduction. 25

    3-1-1- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 25

    3-1-2- Definition. 25

    3-1-3- Application. 26

    3-1-4- Advantages 27

    3-1-5- Disadvantages. 27

    3-2- Different parts of simulating a problem with CFD technique. 28

    3-2-1- Preprocessor. 28

    3-2-2- Solver. 29

    3-2-3- post processor. 29

    3-3- Familiarity with Comsol Multiphysics software. 30

    Chapter 4: Membrane modeling. 31

    4-1- Introduction. 32

    4-2- Governing equations. 33

    4-2-1- Solvent flow inside the tube. 34

    4-2-2- Solvent flow inside the shell. 41

    4-3- Speed ??distribution. 47

    4-3-1- Velocity distribution of the pipe section. 47

    4-3-2- Velocity distribution of the shell. 47

    4-4- speed of chemical reaction. 48

    Chapter 5: Model evaluation and analysis of results. 49

    5-1- Introduction. 50

    5-2- fixed input data. 50

    5-3- Calculated input data. 51

    5-3-2- hypothetical radius. 52

    5-3-3- Curve 53

    5-3-4- Input concentrations in gaseous mixture and aqueous solution. 54

    5-3-5- Penetration coefficients. 55

    5-4- Findings obtained from simulation. 55

    5-4-1- Validation of the model. 57

    5-4-2- Schematic of concentration distribution in hollow fiber membrane contactor. 60

    5-4-3- Velocity profile in hollow fiber membrane contactors. 70

    5-4-4- Radial concentration profile of components 74

    5-4-5- Axial concentration profile of components 77

    5-4-6- Schematic investigation of the effect of increasing solvent volumetric flow intensity on the concentration distribution of carbon dioxide and monoethanolamine. 80

    5-4-7- checking the percentage of carbon dioxide removal. 83

    5-4-8- The effect of porosity on the concentration of carbon dioxide coming out of the gas stream. 85

    5-4-9- The effect of changing the thickness of the membrane on the concentration of carbon dioxide coming out of the gas flow 86

    5-4-10- The effect of changing the inner radius of the fiber on the concentration of carbon dioxide coming out of the gas flow 87

    5-4-11- The effect of the number of fibers on the concentration of carbon dioxide coming out of the gas flow 88

    5-4-12- Comparison of monoethanol aqueous solution Amine with other solvents 89

    5-4-13- Effect of gas mixture flow intensity. 94

    5-4-14- The effect of temperature on system performance. 95

    5-4-15- System meshing. 97

    Chapter 6: Conclusion and suggestions. 100

    6-1- Introduction. 101

    6-2- The results obtained in the state of solvent flow in the pipe section. 101

    6-3- The results obtained in the state of solvent flow in the shell section. 102

    6-4- Suggestions for future research. 103

    Chapter 7: References. 104

    Chapter 8: Appendices 110

    Source:

     

    [1] Marcel. Mudler, "Basic principles of membrane technology", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1996.

    [2] Yuan Zhang, Rong Wang, "Gas-liquid membrane contactors for acid gas removal: recent advances and future challenges", Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Singapore, 2013.

    [3] A. Mansourizadeh, A.F. Ismail, "Hollow fiber gas–liquid membrane contactors for acid gas capture: A review", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Malaysia, 2009.

    [4] Shui-ping Yan, Meng-Xiang Fang, Wei-Feng Zhang, Shu-Yuan Wang, Zhi-Kang Xu, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, "Experimental study on the separation of CO2 from flue gas using hollow fiber membrane contactors without wetting", Fuel Processing Technology, China, 2007.

    [5] Amir Mansourizadeh,

    [5] Amir Mansourizadeh, “Experimental study of CO2 absorption/stripping via PVDF hollow fiber membrane contactor”, Fuel Processing Technology, Iran, 2012. Olivier (PBL), Greet Janssens-Maenhout (IES-JRC), Marilena Muntean (IES-JRC), Jeroen A.H.W. Peters (PBL), “Trends In Global CO2 Emissions:

    2013 Report?, PBL Publishers, Netherlands, 2013.

    [8] H. Kreulen, C.A. Smolders, G.F. Versteeg, W.P.M. van Swaaij, "Microporous hollow fiber membrane modules as gas-liquid contactors. Part 1. Physical mass transfer processes. A specific application: Mass transfer in highly viscous liquids, Journal of Membrane Science, The Netherlands, 1993. [9] Saeid Rajabzadeh, Shinya Yoshimoto, Masaaki Teramoto, M. Al-Marzouqi, Hideto Matsuyama, "CO2 absorption by using PVDF hollow fiber membrane contactors with various membrane structures", Separation and Purification Technology, Japan, 2009. [10] Bingyun Li, Yuhua Duan, David Luebke, Bryan Morreale, "Advances in CO2 capture technology: A patent review", United States, 2013.

    [11] Richard W. Baker, "Membrane technology and applications", McGraw-Hill, England, 2004.

    [12] K. Esato, B. Eiseman, "Experimental evaluation of Gore-Tex membrane oxygenator", J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg, Japon, 1975.

    [13] T. Tsuji, K. Suma, K. Tanishida, H. fukazawa, M. Kanno, H. Hasegawa, A. Takahashi, "Development and clinical evaluation of hollow fiber membrane oxygenator", Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, Japan, 1981. [14] Z. Qi, E.L. Cussler, "Microporous hollow fibers for gas absorption. I. Mass transfer in the liquid, J. Membr. Sci, USA, 1985. [15] Z. Qi, E.L. Cussler, "Microporous hollow fibers for gas absorption. II. Mass transfer across the membrane, J. Membr. Sci, U.S.A, 1985.

    [16] Wichitpan Rongwong, Ratana Jiraratananon, Supakorn Atchariyawut, "Experimental study on membrane wetting in gas–liquid membrane contacting process for CO2 absorption by single and mixed absorbents", Separation and Purification Technology, Thailand, 2009.

    [17] Bongkuk Sea, You-In Park, Kew-Ho Lee, "Comparison of porous hollow fibers as a membrane contactor for carbon dioxide absorption", J. Ind. Eng. Chem, Korea, 2002.

    [18] Su-Hsia Lin, Pen-Chi Chiang, Chun-Fan Hsieh, Meng-Hui Li, Kuo-Lun Tung, "Absorption of carbon dioxide by the absorbent composed of piperazine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol in PVDF membrane contactor", Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, Taiwan, 2008.

    [19] Hong-Yan Zhang, Rong Wang, David Tee Liang, Joo Hwa Tay, "Modeling and experimental study of CO2 absorption in a hollow fiber membrane contactor", Journal of Membrane Science, Singapore, 2006.

    [20] K. Li, W.K. Teo, "Use of permeation and absorption methods for CO2 removal in hollow fiber membrane modules", Separation and Purification Technology, Singapore, 1998.

    [21] V.Y. Dindore, D.W.F. Brilman, G.F. Versteeg, "Hollow fiber membrane contactor as a gas–liquid model contactor", Chemical Engineering Science, Netherlands, 2005.

    [22] Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert, Zhentao Wu, K. Li, "Carbon dioxide stripping in ceramic hollow fiber membrane contactors", Chemical Engineering Science, Britain, 2009.

    [23] Alan Gabelman, Sun-Tak Hwang, "Hollow fiber membrane contactors?, Journal of Membrane Science, U.S.A, 1999.

    [24] R. Bounaceur, C. Castel, S. Rode, D. Roizard, E. Favre, "Membrane contactors for intensified post combustion carbon dioxide capture by gas–liquid absorption in MEA: A parametric study", Chemical Engineering Research and Design, France, 2012.

CFD simulation of CO2 absorption from syngas by hollow fiber membrane
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