The effect of 8 weeks of intense training with and without aqueous extracts of red and black velik on the levels of plasma and liver neuropeptide w, cortisol and T4 hormones in rats.

Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree

Abstract:

Background and purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 8 weeks of intense training with and without water extract (red and black oleander) on plasma and liver neuropeptide w levels, hormones Cortisol and plasma T4 in male rats.

Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the statistical population included 42 male rats of the Wistar breed. The subjects were randomly divided into 6 groups: saline control (7 heads), training saline (7 heads), red and white control (7 heads), red and white training (7 heads), black and white control (7 heads) and black and white training (7 heads). The control red velik, training red velik, control red velik, and red velik training groups were given 1 ml of red and black velik extract per 100 grams of mouse weight orally immediately after training, 5 days a week for 6 weeks from the end of the second week, and the saline groups were treated the same as other groups. The subjects of the training group also performed eight weeks of endurance training. The training groups trained for 8 weeks and 5 days per week at a speed of 34 meters per minute and a zero degree slope. After completing the training period, all groups were killed under the same conditions and liver tissue and plasma were isolated. Plasma and liver neuropeptide w concentrations, cortisol and T4 hormones were measured by ELISA kit.

Results: The results of the study showed that intense exercise with red and black velic could not produce significant changes in plasma and liver neuropeptide w concentrations, and the black velic training group had the highest levels of plasma cortisol hormone (185%) compared to other groups. The T4 hormone increased in the black Velik training group (134%) and decreased in the red Velik training group (89%).

Discussion and conclusion: It seems that intense training with Velik extract affects the concentration of neuropeptide w and selected hormones through different mechanisms.

Key words: intense training, Velik extract, Neuropeptide w, cortisol hormone, T4 hormone

-1: Introduction

Lifestyle change and lack of attention to food plans have led today's societies to gain weight, obesity and lack of management of false appetite, and along with it to inactivity. Obesity and excessive increase in fat tissue is one of the health problems in different countries of the world, which occurs after changing living conditions and reducing physical activity, and as a result, the imbalance of energy intake and consumption. In recent years, obesity has been increasing in prevalence [2,1]. Obesity is known as a public health crisis [3].

The prevalence of obesity and its rapid progress have caused researches to move towards the regulation and balance of body weight. Basically, obesity and overweight are the result of energy imbalance, whereby the energy received is more than the energy consumed. One of the factors affecting obesity is the amount of food intake. Food intake is a complex behavior that includes different levels of control and regulation [4]. Weight gain or obesity, which is itself the introduction of many human diseases and deaths. Today, in the field of health, health and epidemiology, and recently in the field of exercise physiology, with regard to the impact of physical activity and sports in various forms on weight management and regulation and energy balance, attention has been drawn towards the main mechanisms involved. Although the equation of energy, cost and energy received is still considered as a basic part of health research. But changes in the type of source used to provide cellular energy in the body, a significant part of which is controlled by the hypothalamus and another part which is also important, is controlled by environmental factors. In the past decades, before the discovery and introduction of a number of proteins and peptides effective in regulating energy, it was believed that the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus, is the only organ involved in regulating energy balance and metabolism. Now the absoluteness of hypothalamus rule in controlling balance and regulation of energy has given way to the convergence of the center and the environment, for this reason the researchers of peptides related to control and regulation of energy and appetite have opened a new window towards this huge world affecting the process.. Now, the absoluteness of hypothalamus rule in controlling balance and regulating energy has given way to the convergence of the center and the environment, that's why the researchers of peptides related to controlling and regulating energy and appetite have opened a new door to this huge world affecting the healthy life process [7,6,5].

Nevertheless, it seems that the hypothalamus still has the necessary centrality in controlling energy balance, sugar fuel and appetite. Maybe it is because a large number of secreted neuropeptides (AGRP[1], NPY[2], CART[3], POMC[4], orexin[5], MCH[6], galanin[7], glucagon-like peptide[8], corticotropin-releasing factor[9]) from this organ are more involved in this compared to other peripheral organs [8]. Neuropeptide w is one of these neuropeptides that plays an important role in nutrition and energy metabolism [9]. 1-2: Statement of the problem: Exercise and physical activity are one of the effective factors in the analysis of cellular energy sources, including glucose and glycogen, which can cause changes in peptides and hormones affecting energy regulation and balance. It has also been stated that the immediate regeneration and recovery of energy reserves, including glucose and glycogen, can also affect the concentration of these peptides. If there is no proper and timely regeneration, we will face problems such as changes in the concentration of peptides that affect energy regulation. Imbalance between the inhibitory and stimulating peptides of food intake such as leptin [10], AGRP, NPY, CART, POMC, and ghrelin [11] as factors involved in the mechanism process can lead to an increase in body fat percentage, obesity and the predominance of appetite over appetite.                            Adopting the right and immediate way to deal with this imbalance can prevent disorders of metabolism, balance and energy regulation (unreasonable weight gain or loss, energy loss). Although neuropeptides have been recently discovered in humans [10], since the discovery of neuropeptides, our knowledge of the regulation of weight, appetite and energy balance has increased significantly. Many experts in the field of health, hygiene and especially weight regulation, hope that by identifying the important and unknown aspects of these neuropeptides and the factors affecting them, they will achieve effective treatment methods and discover new drugs for diseases such as obesity. Today, the effect of neuropeptides on hormones is almost proven. On the other hand, changes in hormones also cause changes in body weight. Recent reports also show that NPW plays a role not only in energy regulation but also in hormonal homeostasis,[11[

Hormones play an important role in appetite regulation, body metabolism and energy level regulation]12[. Exercise and exercise affect the blood levels of hormones and lead to a decrease or increase in the level of some hormones compared to rest. In fact, these hormonal fluctuations can be considered as the body's response to training pressures, to establish the body's homeostasis [13,14]. An imbalance in the level of hormones involved in appetite (insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and thyroid gland hormones) can lead to weight gain.

Cortisol hormone, which is a glucocorticoid [12] and is secreted from the cortical part of the adrenal glands, plays a significant role in establishing this homeostasis [15]. Cortisol directly affects fat storage and weight gain in people. One of the important effects of cortisol is its role on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This hormone facilitates the process of gluconeogenesis from amino acids, reduces liver lipogenesis, and moves fats in adipose tissue. Cortisol provides the necessary substrate for gluconeogenesis (amino acids) and alternative fuels for skeletal muscle energy metabolism (fatty acids) [16,17,18,19]

thyroxine hormone is one of the important metabolic hormones of the body [20]. which is regulated by the thyroid gland under the influence of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (H-P-T) [13] [21]. In many studies, the effect of many factors such as environmental temperature, stress, other hormones, chemical compounds, circadian fluctuations, It has been proven on the mentioned axis. Thyroid hormone has a special relationship with growth, appetite, metabolism, osmotic regulation and reproduction [22] Increasing basal metabolic rate is the main effect of thyroid hormones. The main function of these hormones is to increase the metabolism of sugars and fats [23].