The effect of 6 weeks of intense intermittent training on the concentration of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men

Number of pages: 60 File Format: word File Code: 30522
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
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  • Summary of The effect of 6 weeks of intense intermittent training on the concentration of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education (M.A)

    Tension: Sports Physiology

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of intense intermittent training on the serum levels of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men. For this purpose, 20 overweight men were randomly divided into two groups (experimental=10, control=10). Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and after the high-volume intense interval training session. The experimental group performed 3 sessions of intense interval training per week, which includes 3 sets of high-volume intense interval program (4 minutes with an intensity of 90% of the reserve heart rate with two minutes of active recovery) in the first week, and one set is added every week until the fourth week. ELISA test was performed to measure growth hormone and ghrelin using a specific commercial kit (boster.usa). Analysis of covariance test was used for research variables in both experimental and control groups. A significant level (alpha = 0.05) was considered to test the hypotheses and decide on the acceptance of the hypotheses. The research showed that there is a significant difference in the serum levels of growth hormone and ghrelin between the two experimental and control groups (P=0.05). These results indicate that a period of high-intensity interval training increases the serum levels of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight people.

    1-1- Introduction

    In the last decade, sports science researchers used a combination of speed training (ST)[1] and interval training (IT)[2], a new method of training. invented by the name of intense interval training (HIT) [3], which improves both aerobic and anaerobic systems. Intense interval training is attributed to repetitive bouts with relatively short interval activities with an intensity close to the intensity at which VO2peak is obtained (VO2peak ?90%). According to the intensity of the exercises, an HIT effort may last from a few seconds to several minutes, and the different periods are separated by a few minutes of rest or low activity (Jibala [4] et al. 2008, 53-63; Larsen [5] et al. 2002, 73-53). It increases the anaerobic, now by increasing the frequency of intense repetitions and performing it alternately with recovery between the activity points, it has changed the need of muscle cells and metabolic pathways, in such a way that it simultaneously engages the aerobic and anaerobic energy production devices in the regeneration of ATP. Therefore, by using these exercises, a wide range of metabolic and functional adaptations can be expected (Dawson [6] et al. 1998, 169-163).

    Considering that growth hormones and ghrelin play an important role in obesity and growth and body composition of people, and also HIT exercises with high volume play an important role in metabolism. Therefore, there is an important relationship between this growth hormone and ghrelin and overweight people.

    1-2- statement of the research problem

    Regarding the wide range of studies on HIT in which researchers have used 5 seconds to 4 minutes of activity as HIT. There are different types of HIT exercises, which are more useful for obese people. The mechanism of such exercises is that a single HIT session increases the concentration of energy substrates and the activity of enzymes related to anaerobic metabolism, and by increasing the frequency of intense repetitions and performing it alternately with recovery between activity sessions, it changes the needs of muscle cells and metabolic pathways, so that at the same time the aerobic energy production devices and Anaeroesis involves the regeneration of ATP. Therefore, by using these exercises, a wide range of metabolic and functional adaptations can be expected (Dawson et al. 1998, 169-163).

    Evidences show that if the recovery time between intense bouts is reduced, the contribution of glycolysis to provide energy is also reduced, and as a result, aerobic metabolism increases to compensate for this energy deficit. Linusier[7] et al. (1993) suggested that aerobic metabolism during recovery periods of intense exercise plays an important role in phosphocreatine regeneration and lactic acid oxidation (lactate removal). This would reveal that HIT leads to aerobic metabolism, which increases the aerobic metabolic capacity (Linosier et al., 1993).

    According to a wide range of studies on HIT, in which researchers have used bursts of 5 seconds to 4 minutes of activity as HIT, which are divided into two categories based on the time of the bursts of activities:

    HIT with low volume: bursts of activity of less than or equal to 60 seconds that are performed with an intensity equal to the maximum or close to the maximum power or speed are considered as intense interval training with low volume (Jibala et al. 2012, 1077-1084). For example, we can refer to the training program of Little et al. (2010) in this field: 10 repetitions of 60 seconds with 75 seconds of active recovery between each repetition (Little [8] et al. 2010, 1011-22). short-term activities are performed (Jibala et al. 2012, 1077-1084). For example, we can refer to the exercise program of Gord et al. (2010) in this field: 10 repetitions of 4 minutes with 2 minutes of active recovery between each repetition (Gord et al. 2010, 357-350).

    Ghrelin is effective on food intake behavior. Therefore, it affects the metabolism and function of many organs and tissues, including muscle, liver, blood vessels and brain (Ghanbari Niaki et al. 2006, 966-70).

    Ghrelin was first introduced by Kojima et al. (1999) as an endogenous GHS-R ligand. There is no structural similarity between ghrelin and its oxykinetic ligands (GHSs). Ghrelin is a peptide containing 27 or 28 amino acids whose sequence is well conserved between different species (Kojima and Kangawa 2005, 522-495).

    Ghrelin is mainly secreted in the stomach and from the cells of the oxyntic gland of the fundus mucus[11]. Of course, ghrelin is secreted in large amounts in the small intestine, testicles, pituitary gland and many other tissues. Ghrelin is secreted into the circulation and participates in the control of growth hormone (GH) release [12]. On the other hand, GH can interfere in the regulation of ghrelin secretion by inhibiting gastric-pituitary feedback. It has been shown that GH inhibits the expression of ghrelin in the stomach. In addition, circulating ghrelin levels in rats are reduced by GH injection. It is known that other hormones also affect the action of ghrelin. It has been reported that somatostatin not only suppresses ghrelin-induced GH secretion, but also decreases plasma ghrelin levels, independent of plasma GH concentration (Kojima and Kangawa[13] 2005, 495-522). In addition, thyroid status may have an effect on serum ghrelin levels. In rats, unlike hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism significantly increases the expression of gastric ghrelin (Kojima and Kangawa 2005, 522-495).

    Ghrelin is mainly secreted in the stomach and from the cells of the oxyntic gland of the mucous fundus[14]. Of course, ghrelin is secreted in large amounts in the small intestine, testicles, pituitary gland and many other tissues. Ghrelin is secreted into the circulation and participates in the control of growth hormone (GH) release [15]. On the other hand, GH can interfere in the regulation of ghrelin secretion by inhibiting gastric-pituitary feedback. It has been shown that GH inhibits the expression of ghrelin in the stomach. In addition, the level of circulating ghrelin in rats decreases with GH injection. It is known that other hormones also affect the action of ghrelin. It has been reported that somatostatin not only suppresses ghrelin-induced GH secretion, but also decreases plasma ghrelin levels, independent of plasma GH concentration (Cioli[16] et al. 2008, 4-5). In addition, thyroid status may have an effect on serum ghrelin levels. In rats, unlike hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism significantly increases gastric ghrelin expression (Kojiyama[17] et al. 2005, 495-522).

    The findings of studies have shown that ghrelin is considered as a short-term energy balance indicator and may be considered as an initiator of food signals. As ghrelin, after being secreted from the stomach and intestine through blood circulation, affects the satiety and hunger center in the hypothalamus, stimulates food intake and body mass acquisition. In fact, these cases are related to the regulation of the body's central energy balance (Kojiyama et al. 2005, 495-522). Among the effects of ghrelin, we can mention the increase in appetite, food intake behavior and hyperphagia (Kojiyama et al., 2005, 495-522).

  • Contents & References of The effect of 6 weeks of intense intermittent training on the concentration of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Title

    Abstract 1

    Chapter One: Research Overview

    1-1- Introduction 3

    1-2- Statement of the research problem. 4

    1-3- Necessity and importance of research. 7

    1-4- Research objectives. 8

    1-4-2 Dedicated goals. 8

    1-5- research hypotheses. 8

    1-7- Research limitations. 8

    1-8- Definitions of terms and words 8

    Chapter Two: Theoretical foundations and research background

    2-1- Introduction 11

    2-2- Intense interval training. 11

    2-2-1 types of intermittent intense exercises. 12

    2-2-1-1 HIT with low volume. 12

    2-2-1-2 HIT with high volume. 12

    2-3- HIT mechanism. 12

    2-4- growth hormone. 13

    2-5- How to increase the secretion of growth hormone? 14

    2-5-1 Sufficient and regular sleep. 14

    2-5-2 Correct nutrition. 14

    2-5-3 sports training. 15

    2-5-4 proper spacing between feeding and sleeping. 15

    2-6- catabolic roles of growth hormone. 15

    2-7- Growth hormone response to exercise. 16

    2-8- Ghrelin. 19

    2-8-1 ghrelin as a gastro-brain peptide. 20

    2-8-2 energy balance and ghrelin. 20

    2-8-3 ghrelin and regulation of food intake 22

    2-8-4 ghrelin and obesity. 24

    2-9- Background of the research. 25

    2-10- Summary. 29

    Chapter Three: Research Methodology

    3-1- Introduction 31

    3-2- Research method. 31

    3-3- Society and statistical sample of the research. 31

    3-4- Research variables. 31

    3-4-1 independent variable. 32

    3-4-2 Dependent variables 32

    3-5- Information collection tools and methods. 32

    3-6- Research implementation method. 32

    3-6-1 ELISA method. 33

    3-6-2 Doing an ELISA test to measure growth hormone and ghrelin. 34

    3-6-3 exercise program template. 36

    3-7- Statistical methods. 37

     

     

     

    Chapter Four: Analysis of research findings

    4-1- Introduction 39

    4-2- Description of research data. 39

    4-3- Inferential statistics. 41

    4-3-1 KS test. 41

    4-3-2 Lun test. 42

    4-3-3 Testing research hypotheses. 42

    4-3-3-1 The first hypothesis. 42

    4-3-3-1 Second Hypothesis 43

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1- Introduction 45

    5-2- Research Summary. 45

    5-3- Discussion. 46

    5-4- Conclusion. 47

    5-5- Suggestions. 47

    5-5-1 Practical suggestion. 47

    5-5-2 Suggestions from the research. 47

    Sources and sources. 48

    List of Persian sources. 48

    List of English sources. 49

    English abstract. 51

     

    Source:

    Sources and Sources

    List of Persian sources

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The effect of 6 weeks of intense intermittent training on the concentration of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men