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  3. Investigating the amount of production and the cost of thinning operations in hand-planted forests in the north of the country

Investigating the amount of production and the cost of thinning operations in hand-planted forests in the north of the country

Number of pages: 139 File Format: word File Code: 32534
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: cut and convert - Forest masses - hand planted forest - hourly production - The exit of wood - the forest - Thinning operation - to thin
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  • Summary of Investigating the amount of production and the cost of thinning operations in hand-planted forests in the north of the country

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Natural Resources Engineering - Forestry

    Abstract

    The cultivation process of thinning plays an important role in the cultivation of forest stands and provides various products to the market. In the first thinning, the ratio of cost to income is high, which needs to be studied to determine its profitability. In this research, the amount of production and cost in the sections of cutting and conversion, output and transportation of products from the breeding operation of a hand-planted stand in the forests of Tiram Rood, located in the north of Iran, was investigated. The timing technique has been used to check the amount of production in different phases of operation, after determining the components of each section of cutting and conversion, exit and transportation, the components affecting the duration of each of these operation components were determined using multivariable linear regression in a step-by-step method. In 2013, the studied area was reforested with species such as poplar (Popul spp), Cupressus sempervirens l. var. Time measurement is one of the most common methods for work studies, and it is used to determine the amount of production, to study factors affecting production, and also to improve work efficiency by eliminating unnecessary time. The obtained results showed that the diameter, volume and distance in cutting and conversion, distance and volume in the exit section and due to the constant distance in the transport section, only the volume of the influencing components were in each of the mentioned sections. By calculating the hourly production and hourly cost in each sector, the economy of breeding operations in the mass of hand-planted plants in Hyrkanian forests was proved. The amount of net hourly production was calculated on average in the phases of cut and tide, departure and transportation respectively 2.8, 1.62 and 0.53 cubic meters per hour. Also, according to the cost calculation of each of the components of the phases of disconnection and transformation, exit and transportation for each of the phases, an average of 54.95465, 103065.7 and 1027401.73 rials per hour was obtained respectively. Also, a significant difference was shown by comparing the apparent specific gravity of Malro and control samples due to the density created in the Malro part.

    Key words: thinning operation, hourly production, hand-planted forest, cutting and conversion, wood removal, timing

    Chapter One: Introduction

    The forests of the north of the country are one of the vital reserves and huge and God-given wealth that, in addition to material values, have many and significant spiritual values. These forests with an area of ??about 1.8 million hectares (15% of the total forest area) are the only commercial forests in Iran that have the ability to produce wood products. These forests are located on the Alborz mountain range and most of them are located on steep areas with an average height of 1000 meters above sea level (et al., 2000 Hosseini). Provide wood to allocate favorable areas for forestry. Although agricultural use usually has a higher priority, forestry can also be used in lands that are unfavorable for agriculture and favorable for planting trees. According to the definition of afforestation, it is the creation of an artificial mass on non-forest lands (Afforestation), and in forest areas, in fact, afforestation does not take place, it is only a state of reforestation, but in general terms, any method that leads to the creation of an artificial mass is called afforestation (Marvi Mohajer, 2014). Cultivation of hand-planted forests is very important from the point of view of economics and forestry. In Iran, especially in the north of the country, forest areas in low-slope areas are generally afforested with different species, one of these species is spruce.

    Spruce is one of the most productive and fast-growing species for afforestation and can meet the wood and cellulose needs of the country. In Iran, native poplar trees include three species: Populus alba, P. caspica, and P. euphratica, which due to the diversity of the country's weather conditions, these species are found in most parts of the country.. euphratica) that due to the variety of weather conditions of the country, these species are found in most places naturally or hand-planted. In addition, many species of non-native firs were imported from other countries, among them, the Tabrizi species (P. nigra), P. deltoides and two P x. eumericana are widely cultivated in the north of the country. The cultivation of poplar trees has been very prosperous in Iran due to its fast growth, planting and maintenance, and it has been developed in different regions of the country with the goals of producing wood, creating windbreaks and even ornamental use. Spruce trees are used in major industries such as match making, paper making, door and window manufacturing, chipboard and fiber board industries, box making industries and also providing construction and fuel needs of farmers. Other options used in forestry are coniferous species, which are of interest due to their fast growth and supply of suitable wood for papermaking industries, and among the coniferous species, Zerbin has long been recommended for afforestation and creation of hand-planted forests due to its high growth rate and yield, ecological flexibility and short exploitation period. This species with the scientific name Cupressus sempervirens l. var. horizantalis belongs to the cypress family. Also, this tree can be seen in Mediterranean climatic conditions with edaphic (soil) conditions of calcareous marl, such as the Alborz mountain range.

    In recent years, special attention has been paid to afforestation with native species, among which alder and maple species are of particular importance. Alnus subcordata is one of the light-loving and fast-growing trees of the northern forests, which requires moist, light and sandy soils. This species grows from low to 2000 meters above sea level by the sides of roads, streams and forest roads, but it spreads mostly in mountainous areas, heights and in the foothills to the highest Caspian forest areas. The important thing about summer alder is that the amount of growth of alder tree in the conditions of hand planting and on the deep and moist soils of the plains is more than the natural conditions of the forest. What adds to the amount of production and growth of hand-planted alder stands is the implementation of breeding and care operations in these forests. Due to the rapid growth and expansion of the crown of alder trees and their intense competition for light, the emergence of height classes and disturbance of the trees in the first few years after planting, it is necessary to carry out thinning operations. In the initial thinning, you should focus on the trees under disturbed, defeated and crooked and asymmetrical or broken crown. By harvesting these trees, growing space is provided for the remaining trees and while increasing their diameter and height growth, it can supply some wood products to the market and increase income. Pellet maple (Acer velutinum Biass) is one of the most abundant and largest maples in Iran, which mostly spreads in the plain forests of the north of the country, from Astara forests in the west to Golestan basin in the east. This light-loving type requires deep, rich soils and is somewhat intolerant of cold. Pellet species is relatively fast-growing and is generally found singly in natural forests, and its longevity has been reported to be 100 to 150 years on average (Falah Chai, 2009). In most forestry, maple pellets are planted singly or mixed with other native species. In certain climatic conditions, and in some cases up to 2000 meters above sea level, this species is seen more scattered or in groups and rarely in mass (Hashemnejad & Rahimabadi, 2001).

    In order to better benefit from the use of these species in hand-planted forests, it can be very useful to carry out breeding operations on them during their growth.

    Forestry is considered to be the most important part of applied forestry activities and it includes all the issues related to education and improvement of forest stands. In fact, the severity and weakness of breeding interventions in the forest also affect the method of forestry (Marvi Mohajer, 2014).  By carrying out thinning operations, the resistance and stability of trees against natural damage increases, and by creating suitable conditions for the remaining trees, the diameter growth and, as a result, its wood production increases (Kialashki and Asadporatoui 2019).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the amount of production and the cost of thinning operations in hand-planted forests in the north of the country

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction 1

    1-1 phases of operation 5

    1-1-1 Cutting and conversion. 5

    1-1-2 departure.. 5

    3-1-1 transportation 7

    1-1-4 destruction of forest soil. ...8

    1-1-4-1 Factors affecting the process of soil compaction. 10

    1-1-4-2 specific weight. 10

    1-2 Assumptions 12

    1-3 Objectives .............................12

    2 Chapter Two: Research Records 13

    1-2 Research Records Inside Iran 13

    2-2 Research Records Abroad 17

    3 Third Chapter: Materials and Methods 23

    3-1 The study area. 23

    3-1-1 General situation and location. 23

    3-1-2 Geographical location - limits and extent of the plan. 23

    3-1-3 climatic conditions (climate) 26

    3-1-3-1 rainfall. 27

    3-1-3-2 examination of rainfall changes with height above sea level 30

    3-1-3-3 temperature 31

    3-1-4 vegetation. 34

    3-1-5 The status of forestry. 37 2-3 Method of study 38 3-2-1 Fixed costs 38 3-2-1-2 Current or variable cost (OC): 40 3-2-2 Conversion. 42

    3-2-3 Log out 44

    3-2-4 Carrying 50

    3-2-5 Soil impact 51

    3-2-5-1 Specific gravity 51

    4 Chapter 4: Results 55

    4-1 Cutting and conversion 55

    4-1-1 Distribution of time spent for cutting and conversion of fir species 55

    4-1-2 Distribution of time spent for cutting and conversion of Zerbin species 58

    4-1-3 Distribution of time spent for cutting and conversion of alder species 60

    4-1-4 Distribution of time spent for cutting and conversion of maple species 62

    4-1-5 Cutting and conversion Total 64 2-4 departure 81 4-3 transportation 87 4-4 hourly cost of production 89 4-5 gross profit from thinning operation per cubic meter 90 4-6 soil compaction 90 5 Chapter five: discussion and conclusion. 93

    5-1 Interruption and conversion 93

    5-2 Departure 96

    5-3 Carrying 99

    5-4 Soil compaction 100

    5-5 General conclusion 101

    6-5 Suggestions 102

    6 Resources.  103

    Source:

    1

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Investigating the amount of production and the cost of thinning operations in hand-planted forests in the north of the country
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