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  3. Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequencies

Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequencies

Number of pages: 97 File Format: word File Code: 32190
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Telecommunication Engineering
Tags/Keywords: antenna - Antenna bandwidth - Metamaterial - Printed antenna - Random hill climbing algorithm - Reflective elements - Reflector array antenna - Terahertz frequency - The reflective phase of the elements
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  • Summary of Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequencies

    Master's Thesis in Telecommunication Electrical Engineering

    (Field Orientation)

    Abstract

    Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequency

    In recent years, microstrip reflective array antenna has attracted a lot of attention and has been studied by many researchers. Because this antenna combines the outstanding features of array antenna and reflector antenna. Features such as flat surface, light weight and low manufacturing cost make microstrip reflector array antennas a good alternative to old parabolic reflector antennas in radar and satellite system applications. The shape of reflective array antennas is narrow bandwidth, which is due to the narrow band nature of microstrip processes and the radial phase delay difference between the power supply and the elements in the array.

    The design of reflective array antennas is mainly based on the reflection phase curve. This curve shows the one-to-one relationship between the phases and the geometric parameters of the elements that control the reflective phase of the elements. A large number of resonant elements have been used to obtain desirable reflection phase changes.

    In this thesis, the random hill climbing optimization method has been used to design elements that have a linear phase curve and also low losses. By combining the optimization method and commercial software, the appropriate shape of each cell was obtained. In this optimized structure, the bandwidth of the antenna is significantly improved.

    Key words: reflective array antenna, random hill climbing algorithm

    Chapter 1- Introduction

    Nowadays, with the further development of communication, mankind has been able to use the electromagnetic spectrum that is outside the range of visible light for wireless communication. Antennas were built as a structure for sending and receiving electromagnetic waves. Antenna design has made a lot of progress in the last few decades. Due to the increasing popularity of remote communication systems and mobile wireless devices, the development of innovative antenna designs continued. From old radios and broadcast television systems to advanced satellite systems and wireless local area networks, wireless communication has become an integral part of people's daily lives. Antennas play the biggest role in the development of new wireless communication devices, from cell phones to portable GPS navigators, and from laptop wireless network cards to television satellite receivers. A set of design requirements, including small size, wide bandwidth, and many other features, have challenged antenna researchers and the development of new antennas.

    1-1- Reflector array antenna

    In many microwave applications, a directional antenna whose primary beam is oriented in a specific direction is required. To achieve such characteristics, an aperture excitation [1] with an advancing phase is required. The two main ways to do this are reflectors[2] and arrays.

    In reflective antennas, the spatial difference of aperture placement is used to create the proper phase in the apertures[3], while in the antenna, an array of distinct elements fed with the forward phase is used. Reflector antennas have large bandwidth and low loss. The main disadvantage of reflectors is the geometric limitation in design. The parabolic reflector, which is the most famous reflector, also has a high degree of cross polarization [4].

    Printed antenna technology has opened new horizons for space antennas.  Microstrip array antennas are small in size, low in manufacturing cost and light in weight, and have low cross-polarization, and their planar geometry allows them to be suitable for space deployment. In addition, microstrip arrays have the ability to achieve high speed in electronic scanning. However, the main disadvantage of the printed antenna is the small bandwidth and relatively large losses. Despite the mentioned weakness, the design of antennas to reach the scanned beam with high gain faces a challenge [1]. Therefore, combining the characteristics of reflectors and arrays can be useful.

    Reflective array antennas[5] are composed of an array of reflective elements that, despite having a surface without curvature, each element in the array is designed to create a suitable phase change in the reflected wave compared to the radiated wave, so that a flat in-phase surface is formed in the desired direction. The common reflective elements in this type of antennas are the tops [6] that are placed on a grounded dielectric layer on the reflective surface [2]. have been studied by many researchers because they combine salient features of both conventional reflectors and array antennas. Flat surface, light weight, and relatively low fabrication cost make microstrip reflectarray antennas a suitable replacement for the conventional parabolic reflectors in radar and satellite systems. One drawback of reflectarray antennas is their narrow bandwidth, which is due to the narrowband nature of the microstrip patches and difference in spatial phase delays between the feed and elements in the array.

    The design of the microstrip reflectarray is mostly based on the reflection phase curve, which is a function of physical shape of elements that control element reflection phase. A large variety of resonant elements have been employed to achieve the desired reflection phase change with a dependency on one of their characteristic dimensions.

    In this thesis, random hill climbing method has been used to design different elements for having a linear reflection phase curve and also having low loss. Combining the optimization method with commercial solver, the desired shapes of elements are obtained. The bandwidth of the resulting optimized structure has improved compared to other presented researches.

  • Contents & References of Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequencies

    List:

    Chapter one: Introduction. 2

    Reflective array antenna. 2

    Metamaterial. 4

    1-2-1- Terahertz range and terahertz metamaterials. 5

    1-2-2- Selective frequency levels. 8

    Algorithm for hill climbing optimization. 9

    Previous researches and research objectives. 10

    Chapter two: Reflective array antennas. 14

    Introduction to reflective array antennas. 14

    Introduction of reflective array antenna. 14

    Advantages of reflective array antenna. 16

    Weak point of antenna Reflective array. 18

    2-4-1-.18

    2-4-2-.18

    Antenna analysis techniques. 20

    Review of analysis techniques. 24

    Chapter three: Random hill climbing optimization algorithm. 28

    Introduction and introduction of optimization method Hill climbing. 28

    Hill climbing algorithm. 31

    Hill climbing flowchart. 32

    Chapter 4: Bandwidth increasing methods and phase change graph linearization. 34

    Bandwidth limitation by reflective array elements. 34

    Shifting elements Broadband phase. 38

    Aperture coupling procedures. 38

    Accumulated procedures with variable dimensions. 43

    Other reflective array elements to improve bandwidth. 47

    Chapter 5: Introduction of structure and research method and results. 51

    Design principles. 51

    Procedure and Its features. 52 Design and simulation of reflective array. 56 Increasing the bandwidth of reflective array element using multilayering method. 69

    Sixth chapter: conclusion and suggestions. 73

    Conclusion. 74

    Suggestion for future work. 75

    List of references.

    Source:

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    [5] B. Munk, “Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design”, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY 2000 pp.1-4.

    [6] Tshilidzi Marwala, Monica Lagazio, "Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing, Militarized Conflict Modeling Using Computational intelligence", Springer Science & Business Media, Aug 24.2011, pp. 1201-1202

    [7] D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech, and W. A. ??Kennedy, "The reflectarray antenna" , IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-11, Nov. 1963, pp. 645-651. [8] H. R. Phelan, "Spiral phase reflectarray for multitarget radar", Microwave Journal, Vol. 20, July 1977, pp. 67 – 73. [9] C. S. Malagisi, “Microstrip disc element reflectarray”, Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention, (A79-27126 10-32) New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Sept. 1978, pp. 186 – 192. [10] J. P. Montgomery, “A microstrip reflectarray antenna element”, Antenna Applications Symposium, Urbana (A79-2470109-32), University of Illinois, Sept. 1978, pp. 153-157. [11] N. M. Froberg, B. B. Hu, X. C. Zhang, and D. H. Auston, “Terahertz radiation from a photoconducting antenna array”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1992, pp. 2291–2301. [12] M. N. Islam and M. Koch, “Terahertz patch antenna arrays for indoor communications”, Int. Conference on Next-Generation Wireless Systems (Dhaka, Bangladesh), 2006, pp. 331-339. [13] K. Maki, T. Shibuya, C. Otani, K. Suizu, and K. Kawase, “Terahertz beam steering via tilted-phaseKawase, "Terahertz beam steering via tilted-phase difference frequency mixing", Appl. Phys. Express 2, 022301, 2009, pp. 724-731. [14] K. Uematsu, K. Maki, and C. Otani, “Terahertz beam steering using interference of femtosecond optical pulses”, Opt. Express 20, 2012, pp. 22914–22921.

     

    [15] Y. Monnai, V. Viereck, H. Hillmer, K. Altmann, C. Jansen, M. Koch, and H. Shinoda, “Terahertz beam steering using structured MEMS surfaces for networked wireless sensing”, Ninth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS) 12865664, 2012, pp. 1-3.

     

    [16] B. Scherger, M. Reuter, M. Scheller, K. Altmann, N. Vieweg, R. Dabrowski, J. A. Deibel, and M. Koch, “Discrete terahertz beam steering with an electrically controlled liquid crystal device”, J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves 33, 2012, pp. 1117–1122.

    [17] Min Liang, Payam Nayeri, Rafael Sabory-Garc?a, Mingguang Tuo, Fan Yang, Michael Gehm, Hao Xin, and Atef Z. Elsherbeni, "Design, Fabrication, and Measurement of Dielectric Reflectarray Antennas at 100 GH", 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2011, pp. 235-237.  

     

    [18] Eduardo Carrasco, Julien Perruisseau-Carrier, "Reflectarray Antenna at Terahertz Using Graphene", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, 2013, pp. 890-898.

     

    [19] Tiaoming Niu, Withawat Withayachumnankul, Aditi Upadhyay, Philipp Gutruf, Derek Abbott, Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, and Christophe Fumeaux, "Terahertz reflectarray as a polarizing beam splitter", OPTICS EXPRESS 16149, Vol. 22, No. 13, 30 June 2014, pp. 16148-16160.

     

    [20] D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech, and W. A. ??Kennedy, “The reflectarray antenna”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-11, Nov. 1963, pp. 645-651. [21] R. E. Munson and H. Haddad, "Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communication and RCS enhancement and reduction", U.S. patent 4,684,952, Washington, D.C., August 1987, pp. 1031-042.

    [22] D. M. Pozar and T. A. Metzler, "Analysis of a reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches of variable size", Electronics Letters, Vol.29, Issue:8, April 1993, pp. 657–658.

     

    [23] A. Kelkar, “FLAPS: conformal phased reflecting surfaces”, Proc. IEEE National Radar Conf., Los Angeles, California 3977055, March 1991, pp. 58-62. [24] Y. T. Gao and S. K. Barton, "Phase correcting zonal reflector incorporating rings," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 43, April 1995, pp. 355-350. [25] J. Huang and R. J. Pogorzelski, “A Ka-band microstrip reflectarray with elements having variable rotation angles,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, May 1998, pp. 650 - 656. [26] J. M. Colin, "Phased array radars in France: present and future", IEEE symposium on Phased Array System and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 5614379, October 1996, pp.458 - 462. [27] D. M. Pozar, S. D. Targonski, and R. Pokuls, “A shaped-beam microstrip patch reflectarray”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 47, July 1999, pp. 1167-1173. [28] J. Huang, "Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarray concept", IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, Vol.1, June, 1995, pp. 582 – 585. [29] J. A. Encinar, “Design of two-layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, October 2001, pp. 1403-1410. [30] R. E. Munson, H. A. Haddad, and J. W. Hanlen, “Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communications and RCS enhancement or reduction,” US patent 4684952, Aug. 1987, pp. 161-172. [31] D. G. Gonzalez, G. E. Pollon, and J. F.

Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequencies
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