Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
  3. Investigating the absorption and release of oxytetracycline on functionalized graphene oxide

Investigating the absorption and release of oxytetracycline on functionalized graphene oxide

Number of pages: 76 File Format: word File Code: 31838
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: absorption synthesis - Carbon - Functionalized graphene oxide - Graphene oxide - Graphite particles - Hammers method - Oxytetracycline drug - release
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of Investigating the absorption and release of oxytetracycline on functionalized graphene oxide

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Applied Chemistry Orientation

    Persian Abstract

    In this research, graphite particles are converted to graphene oxide by Hammers method. Graphene nanoparticles are one of the best and most effective absorbent materials that have been produced so far.

    Graphene is one of the successful allotropes of carbon in the field of drug absorption and release. High electrical and thermal conductivity, surface and structural properties, high mechanical strength and the ability to adjust these properties have made this material to be studied and investigated as an absorbent in this research. Graphene oxide synthesized in this study was used to absorb and release the drug oxytetracycline in the simulated environment of the dog's stomach. This substance was treated with epichlorohedrin and sibacrone blue.

    Oxytetracycline is in the category of water-soluble drugs. Due to the ease of solubility in water, water-soluble drugs are spread in body fluids and are not stored in the body in an appropriate amount. Therefore, without proper absorption in the body, the drug is excreted through the kidneys and urinary tracts and will not have a proper effect. As a result, it can be said that we thought of using a slow release system to solve it. Oxytetracycline belongs to the category of antibiotics. In general, antibiotics bind to the ribosomal units of bacteria and thus inhibit protein production for the bacteria. In this study, the optimal pH of the drug was investigated and according to the results obtained, the acidic environment had the best effect on the absorption of the drug under study.

    According to the studies conducted, the dog's environment is acidic and the dog's digestive system is such that food or medicine stays in its stomach for an average of 8 hours. The conducted tests show that the drug in question has been absorbed the most in the first two hours, so that there is no need to examine the dog's intestinal environment anymore. At the end, the accuracy of the absorption and release synthesis performed by uv-vis was checked.

    1-1 Introduction:

    Carbon (the Latin word carbo means charcoal) is a very important part in all living organisms and is involved in the construction of many important chemical compounds as far as we know without this element. There will be no life. The covalent bonding of each carbon atom with other types of atoms or other carbon atoms creates unlimited and very diverse structures, hence there are tens of millions of carbon compounds known to the world, and thousands of them play a role in vital processes and organic and very important economic reactions. Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the world after hydrogen, helium and oxygen, and eight allotropes have been known so far. It provides atoms. The bonds formed by these atoms are seen in different forms in different compounds and therefore create different properties.

    (Images are available in the main file)

    The allotrope of two-dimensional sheet graphene (d2) is made of carbon atoms in a hexagonal configuration (honeycomb) where the atoms are connected with the sP2 hybrid. Graphene is the newest member of the family of multidimensional graphite carbon materials. Graphene sheets are formed by placing carbon atoms together. In a graphene sheet, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms. These three links are on the same plane and the angles between them are equal to 120 degrees. In this case, the carbon atoms are placed in a position that creates a network of regular hexagons in an ideal state. The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is about 142 nanometers. The fame of graphene is due to its unique characteristics, because it is the first sample of a two-dimensional crystal, which thermodynamically has different properties compared to three-dimensional materials.Also, after its chemical modification, it can be used as a large molecule in the field of electronics, composite materials and other interdisciplinary research. Its variety includes one of the softest (graphite) and one of the hardest (diamond) materials known to man. Carbon in its non-crystalline form is mainly graphite, but it does not exist in the form of large crystalline structures, this form of carbon is mostly in the form of powder, which forms the main part of materials such as charcoal and lamp black (soot). At room temperature and pressure, carbon is more stable in the form of graphite, in which each atom is connected with three other atoms in the form of six-sided rings (just like aromatic hydrocarbons). At very high temperatures and pressures Carbon is stable in the form of diamond in which each atom is bonded to four other atoms. Diamond has a cubic structure similar to silicon and germanium (due to the strength of carbon-carbon bonds) and is the hardest object in terms of wear resistance. The conversion of diamond to graphite at room temperature is so slow that it is not noticeable. Fullerene has a structure similar to graphite, but instead of all hexagonal sections, it contains pentagonal (or possibly heptagonal) carbon atoms, which make the sheet in the shape of a sphere, oval or cylinder. (3)

    Abstracts

    In this study graphite particles were converted to graphene via Hammers method. Graphene Nanoparticles are the best and most effective absorbent that has been produced today.

    Graphene is one of the successful carbon allotropes for absorption and release of drugs. High electrical and thermal conductivity, surface properties, high mechanical strength and ability to adjust these properties led us to study this absorbent.

    Synthesized graphene oxide was used for studying absorption and release of Oxytetracycline in dog's simulated stomach. This material was functionalized with epichlorohydrin and cibacron blue.

    Oxytetracycline is soluble in water. Drugs which are soluble in water, easily dissolve in body fluids and won't store in body well enough according to their ease of solubility in water. So drug will leave body via kidney and urinary system without good absorption and won't have convenient effect. For solving this problem slow release was considered. Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic. Antibiotics are generally linked with bacterial ribosomal unit and thus inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. In this study optimum pH for drug was investigated first and according to results obtained acidic environment has the best absorption for the studied drug.

    According to studies dog's digestive system is acidic and drugs and food remains in it for approximately 8 hours. Experiments showed that oxytetracycline shows the highest release in the first 2 hours, so investigating intestinal release becomes unnecessary. Finally, the accuracy of synthesis, absorption and release was investigated via UV-Vis experiments.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the absorption and release of oxytetracycline on functionalized graphene oxide

    List:

    Abstract ..1

    Chapter 1_Graphene and its release. 2

    1-1 Introduction ..3

    1-2 Carbon allotropes .4

    1-2-1 Diamond ..6

    1-2-1-1 properties of diamond .6

    1-2-2 Graphite ..7

    Graphene ..83-2-1

    1-2-4 Fullerene ..9

    1-3 Definition of Nanoparticles ..10

    1-4 Background of Nanotechnology ..12

    1-5 History of Graphene ..13

    1-6 Graphene Structure ..14

    1-7 Identification of Oxide Graphene. 15. 1-8 Graphene production. 16. 1-8-1. Bottom-up method. 16. 1-8-2. Top-down method. 18. 1-9. Improving the quality of graphene oxide. 21. 10-1. Characteristics of graphene. 22. 1-11. ..23

    1-12 release ..25

    1-12-1 release system and digestion in dog. 26

    Chapter II - Oxytetracycline and surface absorption ..27

    2-1 Antibiotics ..28

    2-1-1 Antibiotic history 28

    2-1-2 types Antibiotics and mechanism of action. 29

    2-2 Tetracycline..30

    2-3 Oxytetracycline..30

    2-3-1 Physical and chemical properties of oxytetracycline.

    2-3-4 Pharmacokinetics of the drug.32

    2-3-5 Drug contraindications.32

    2-3-6 Period of avoiding drug use.32

    2-3-7 Drug storage conditions.33

    2-3-8 Identification of oxytetracycline powder.33

    2-3-9 Disposal ..33

    2-3-10 Contraindications and precautions for dogs. 33

    2-3-11 Drug dosage for dogs. surface adsorption. 36

    2-4-4 adsorption isotherms. 36

    2-4-5 Freundlich adsorption isotherm. 37

    2-4-6 Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 39

    2-4-7 Langmuir isotherm for liquid adsorption on solid. 42

    2-4-8 modified isotherm Langmuir. 43

    2-4-9 Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm (Sipps equation). 44

    2-4-10 Brunner-Immett-Teller isotherm. 45

    2-4-11 Redlich-Peterson isotherm. 47

    2-4-12 Temkin isotherm 48

    2-4-13 Factors affecting absorption. 49

    Chapter 3 - Method of doing the work. 51

    3-1 Purpose of the experiment..52

    3-2 Chemicals, devices and devices used in this experiment. 52

    3-2-1 Devices used in the experiment. 52. 2-3-2-Chemical materials for making graphene. 53

    3-2-3 Devices used for making graphene. 54

    3-2-4 Materials used in activating graphene oxide by epichlorohydrin. 54

    3-2-5 Materials Used in functionalizing and improving the quality of graphene oxide functionalized by epichlorohydrin and sibacrone blue. 55

    3-2-6 Solvents and reagents. 55

    3-2-6-1 Acetoxytetracycline 55

    3-2-6-2 buffers..55

    3-3 stages of graphene oxide synthesis. 56

    3-4 Chemical bond of graphene oxide with epichlorohydrin. Oxytetracycline functionalized by graphene oxide. 60

    3-6-1 Investigating the effect of pH on the absorption of oxytetracycline drug. 60

    3-6-2 Determining the optimal concentration of drug absorption on graphene oxide. 61

    3-7 Investigating the release of oxytetracycline drug in the simulated environment of a dog's stomach. 62

    Chapter 4 - discussion and conclusion. 63

    4-1 Identification and investigation of synthesized graphene oxide by UV-VIS spectrum. 64

    4-2 Identification and investigation of synthesized graphene oxide by FT-IR spectrum. 64

    4-2-1 FT-IR spectrum of graphene oxide. 64. 4-2-2 Investigation of graphene oxide functionalized with epichlorohydrin 66 4-2-3 Investigation of the quality of graphene oxide functionalized with epichlorohydrin and Ciba Crown Blue with FT-IR 68 4-3 Study and investigation of absorption isotherms 70

    4-4 Absorption graphs.72

    4-5 Examining the absorption of oxytetracycline drug by functionalized graphene oxide.73

    4-5-1 Studying and investigating the effect of pH on the absorption of oxytetracycline drug.73

    4-5-2 Examining the concentration of the adsorbent on the adsorbent.74

    4-6 Investigation of the release of oxytetracycline in the stomach environment of dogs.75

    4-7 Conclusions..76

    List of references..77

    English abstract.82

    Source:

    [1] Kosynkin, D. V., Higginbotham, A. L., Sinitskii, A., Lomeda, J. R., Dimiev, A., Price, B. K., Tour, J. M., “Longitudinal Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes to form Graphene Nanoribbons”, Nature, Vol.458, pp.872–876 (2009).

    [2] Geim, A. K., Kim, P., “Carbon Wonderland”, Scientific American, pp. pp.90–97 (2008)

    [3] R. J. Nicholas, et al., Introduction. Carbon-based electronics: fundamentals and device applications, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 366, 189–193 (2008) [4] Heyrovska, R., “Atomic Structures of Graphene, Benzene and Methane with Bond Lengths as Sums of the Single, Double and Resonance Bond Radii of Carbon”, (2008).

    [5] H. W. Kroto, et al., C60: Buckminsterfullerene, Nature 318, 162-163 (1985).

    [6] S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354, 56-58 (1991). 

    [7] Kaparissides, C, Alexandridou S., Kotti K., Chaitidou S., Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems, J. Nano. Tech. 2006, 2, 1-11

    [8] Freestone, N. Meeks, M. Sax and C. Higgitt, 'The Lycurgus Cup: A Roman nanotechnology', Gold Bulletin, 4 (2007), pp. 270–277

    [9] N. D. Mermin, Phys. Rev. 176, 250 (1968).

    [10] Geim, A.K, Novoselov, K.S, "The Rise of Graphene." Nature Material, Vol.6, pp.183-191

    [11] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva and A. A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004).

    [12] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos and A. A. Firsov, Nature 438, 197 (2005). [13] K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T. J. Booth, V. V. Khotkevich, S. V. Morozov and A. K. Geim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 10451 (2005).

    [14] Nevoselov, K. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 10451, 2005

    [15] Nevoselov, K. S., et al, "Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films", Science 306, pp. 666-669, 2004

    [16] Saito, R, Dresselhaus, G and Dresselhaus.M.S, (1998), “Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes”, Imperial College Press, London

    [17] Curl, R.F (1997), “Dawn of the fullerenes: experiment and conjecture” Rev.Mod.Phys.Vol. 69, pp. 691.

    [18] Y. Ohashi, et al., Size effect in the in-plane electrical resistivity of very thin graphite crystals. TANSO 235238 (1997). 457, pp. 706.

    [20] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nat. Mater., vol. 6, no.3, 183-191 (2007).

    [21] K. S. Novoselov, et al., Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 1045110453 (2005).

    [22] Xuesong Li, Weiwei Cai, Jinho An, Seyoung Kim, Junghyo Nah, Dongxing Yang, Richard Piner, Aruna Velamakanni, Inhwa Jung, Emanuel Tutuc, Sanjay K. Banerjee, Luigi Colombo, Rodney S. Ruoff, (2009), "Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils", Science Vol. 324, pp. 1312.

    [23] Keun Soo Kim, Yue Zhao, Houk Jang, Sang Yoon Lee, Jong Min Kim, Kwang S. Kim, Jong-Hyun Ahn, Philip Kim, Jae-Young Choi and Byung Hee Hong, (2009), "A Molecular Mechanics Study of Morphologic Interaction between Graphene and Si Nanowires on a SiO2 Substrate", Nature Vol. 457, pp. 706.

    [24] Rao, C. N. R., Sood, A. K., Subrahmanyam, K. S., Govindaraj, A., "Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial", Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol.48, pp.7752–7777 (2009).

    [25] Shao, Y., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Aksay, I. A., Lin, Y., "Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review", Electroanalysis, Vol.22, pp.1027–1036 )2010).

    [26] Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V.

Investigating the absorption and release of oxytetracycline on functionalized graphene oxide
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 102 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis of Polymer Industry Engineering Abstract With the progress of human civilization, technology development and the ever-increasing population, the world is currently facing a problem called pollution that threatens the lives of the inhabitants of the earth. Pollution caused by the accumulation of persistent toxic compounds in soil and water, such as chemicals, ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract The synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using the synthesis method of silicon dioxide nanoparticles [1] has many industrial applications. The industrial use of these particles in traditional fields as well as new fields is expanding, for which new applications are continuously found. ...

Number of pages: 70 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in chemistry, fluoride has been known as a toxic ion for many years. The main source of fluoride in aqueous solutions is minerals containing fluoride and the industrial activities of factories. According to the report of the Environmental Protection Organization, the amount of fluoride more than 1 mg/liter causes various diseases. In ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

A master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the laboratory study and modeling of calcium carbonate production from calcium chloride solution by absorbing carbon dioxide from industrial exhaust gases, by the efforts of Amin Alamdari, the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the precipitation of calcium carbonate species and the kinetics of calcium ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis of Polymer Industry Engineering Abstract Phenolic resins have excellent dimensional, thermal, chemical and corrosion resistance. Also, the fugitives produced during the thermal degradation of this resin have low toxicity and, in addition, they have high charring. Phenolic resins, due to having desirable properties, are used in many fields such as internal parts ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of mining chemistry Abstract: In this study, the effect of amide substitution on the surface of graphene oxide was studied. Two amines were chosen to change the contact surface and absorption rate. of a linear diamine such as ethylenediamine[1] and cyclic amine 6-aminouracil[2] with two different characteristics were evaluated. After the synthesis ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Abstract An effective method for the synthesis of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives from the three-component condensation of 6-aminouracil, 6-amino2-thiouracil or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil with aryl aldehydes and malononitrile, a class of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives in the presence of high performance basic ...

Number of pages: 67 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Organic Chemistry Abstract Today, lung cancer is considered one of the most common diseases worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among all types of cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis of this disease is of special importance. Considering that the common methods for detecting lung cancer are expensive and time-consuming, offering cheaper ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the design of the Driso ring base and the use of hydrocarbon solvent in the dehumidification process in Farashband refinery, water vapor is one of the most important impurities in the flow of natural gas. Usually, the water vapor itself is not a problem, but instead the liquid or solid phase that forms when the ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree. Abstract: The increase in environmental concerns and the progress of green chemistry processes have necessitated the replacement of homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones. In this research, activated carbon was used as a suitable substrate due to its special properties. The most important of these properties are resistance in acidic ...