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  3. Prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referring to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2012

Prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referring to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2012

Number of pages: 87 File Format: word File Code: 31938
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Health - Health
Tags/Keywords: Balanced eating pattern - depression - Depression in women - Factor analysis - Food patterns - Healthy eating pattern - Prevalence of depression
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  • Summary of Prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referring to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2012

    Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in health sciences in nutrition

    Abstract

    Subject: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. So far, few studies have examined the relationship between dietary patterns and depression in developing countries.

    Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referred to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2013.

    Method: In this cross-sectional study, 255 women aged 20 to 45 who referred to health centers in the north and west of Tehran were selected. The sampling method was systematic cluster. General information, food frequency, Beck depression and physical activity questionnaires were completed through face-to-face interviews. Then the height and weight of the subjects were measured and the body mass index was calculated. SPSS version 21 software was used for statistical analysis of data.

    Findings: The prevalence of depression in the studied women was 58%. Two dominant dietary patterns were identified: Healthy pattern (rich in vegetables, carrots, legumes, tomatoes, fruits, green leafy vegetables, low-fat dairy products, cabbage-shaped vegetables, eggs, boiled potatoes and olives) and unhealthy food pattern (rich in soft drinks, fried potatoes, processed meats, sweets and desserts, snacks, nuts, fats, pickles, sugar and sugar, high-fat dairy products, red meat, spices, poultry and chicken, salt, offal, juice and refined grains). After adjusting the effect of confounding factors, people who had a higher score of unhealthy eating pattern had a higher chance (odds ratio: 2.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.10 to 4.36 and P=0.02) of developing depression, but healthy eating pattern had no statistically significant relationship with depression.

    Conclusion: The findings of this study showed a high prevalence of depression and a direct relationship between unhealthy eating patterns and the risk of depression in the women studied.

    Keywords: Depression, food patterns, factor analysis

    Introduction
    In the first chapter, we examine the statement of the problem, goals and assumptions. 
    1-2- Statement of the problem and importance of the research
    Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by feeling sad, lack of motivation and lack of pleasure, sleep disorder, change in appetite, feeling of guilt and worthlessness, fatigue and loss of concentration. According to the World Health Organization, 350 million people worldwide suffer from depression (Marcus et al., 2012). In 2000, depression ranked fourth in terms of disease burden and it is predicted that by 2020, it will be in the second place in this ranking in all age groups (Ustun et al., 2004, Reddy, 2010). Disability and disability caused by depression is equal to or even greater than disability caused by chronic pain, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Among the consequences of this disease, we can point out the disruption in work, academic and family functioning, and in the most severe cases, depression can lead to suicide. About one million people die by suicide every year (Marcus et al., 2012, Modabernia et al., 2008). 
    The prevalence of depression is different in different cultures and ethnicities (Modabernia et al., 2008). According to Noorbala et al.'s study in Iran, depression is at the top of mental disorders with a prevalence of 3.8%, and according to this study, 21% of people suffer from depression symptoms (Noorbala et al., 2004). Nazari et al.'s theoretical study in Khorramabad showed that 33.4% of people have symptoms of depression (Nazari et al., 2007). Modabernia and his colleagues in Rasht reported the prevalence of depression disorders at 8.5% (Modabernia et al., 2008). According to the study conducted by Nazari and colleagues in Tehran, the prevalence of depression was 22.5%. This rate was reported as 29.2% in women and 16% in men (Nazari et al., 2001). In another study in Tehran, Kaviani et al reported the rate of depression in women as 12.16% and in men as 8.47%.In another study in Tehran, Kaviani et al. reported a rate of depression of 12.16% in women and 8.47% in men (Kaviani et al., 2002). It should be noted that the instrument used to measure depression was different in different studies. 
    The prevalence of depression in women is twice that of men (Modabernia et al., 2008, Mohammadi et al., 2005) and it occurs mostly at the age of 25-44 years (Waraich et al., 2004).
    There is evidence that shows that nutrition affects mental health. Diet is related to inflammation, oxidative stress and brain function and plasticity (flexibility), all of these potential factors are involved in depression (Kessler, 2003, Blazer and Hybels, 2005, Le Port et al., 2012).
    Most studies conducted in this field examine the relationship between depression symptoms and specific nutrients such as folate and other vitamins. Group B as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been studied based on their role in the biosynthesis, metabolism and stability of the neuronal membrane, although the results obtained have been contradictory. It should be noted that nutrients are not taken alone, but the diet of people consists of a variety of foods with a set of nutrients that may interact or have a synergistic effect (Sugawara et al., 2012). Additionally, the effect of a single nutrient may be too small to be detected, but the cumulative effect of several nutrients can be significant. The high level of mutual correlation between some nutrients is another factor that makes it very difficult to investigate the effect of each nutrient alone. When analyzing specific nutrients or foods and determining their association with disease, many interactions between dietary components and disease risk are often overlooked, and if we want to consider these interactions, a very large sample size will be required to evaluate multiple interactions (Esmaillzadeh et al., 2005, Hu, 2002). Considering these problems, it is better to examine dietary patterns instead of examining specific foods or nutrients.
    Analysis of dietary patterns was presented in 1986 by Jacobson et al. In this method, the food groups whose consumption is related to each other are divided into categories by the factor analysis method, and each category forms a food pattern, and each person is given a score for each food pattern according to the consumption of different food groups. Then the relationship between these scores and the disease is investigated. With the help of this method, micronutrients and food items are not defined separately, but are examined in the form of large groups of food items whose consumption is related to each other (Hu et al., 1999).
    The studies conducted in the field of the relationship between dietary patterns and depression are mostly related to developed countries (Sanchez-Villegas et al., 2009, Akbaraly et al., 2009, Jacka et al. al., 2010, Nanri et al., 2010, Le Port et al., 2012, Sugawara et al., 2012, Noguchi et al., 2013, Jacka et al., 2014, Ruusunen et al., 2014) and there are few findings in this connection in developing countries (Weng et al., 2012, Chan et al., 2014) and the only reported study from the Middle East region is related to a study conducted in Tabriz, Iran (Rashidkhani et al., 2013). Decreased risk of depression in relation to Mediterranean dietary pattern (Sanchez-Villegas et al., 2009), traditional dietary pattern (Jacka et al., 2010, Le Port et al., 2012), healthy dietary pattern (Le Port et al., 2012, Rashidkhani et al., 2013), complete dietary pattern (Akbaraly et al., 2009), balanced dietary pattern (Ruusunen et al., 2014), the Japanese dietary pattern (Nanri et al., 2010), the dietary pattern of fruits-vegetables and the dietary pattern of snacks-beverages-dairy products (Chan et al., 2014) have been observed. Of course, such a relationship was not found in some studies (Sugawara et al., 2012, Noguchi et al., 2013). Also, increasing the risk of depression with the western food pattern (Le Port et al., 2012, Jacka et al., 2014), processed food pattern (Akbaraly et al., 2009), snack food pattern (Le Port et al., 2012, Weng et al., 2012), fatty-sweet food pattern (Le Port et al., 2012) and animal food pattern (Weng et al., 2012) has been reported. However, several studies have not observed such a relationship (Nanri et al., 2010, Sugawara et al.

  • Contents & References of Prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referring to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2012

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction and statement of the problem

    Introduction

    1-2- Statement of the problem and importance of the research

    1-3- Objectives and assumptions

    1-3-1- Main objective

    1-3-2- Secondary objectives

    1-3-3- Research questions

    1-3-4- Research assumptions

    Chapter Two: literature review

    Introduction

    2-2- Methods of identifying food patterns

    2-2-1- Factor analysis

    2-2-2- Cluster analysis

    2-2-3- Nutritional indicators

    2-3- Review of studies

    2-3-1- Studies conducted on depression in Iran

    2-3-2- Studies conducted on depression in other countries

    2-3-3- Studies conducted on dietary patterns and depression in Iran

    2-3-4- Studies conducted on dietary patterns and depression in other countries

    Chapter three: Research method

    3-1- Introduction

    3-2- Type Research

    3-3- Research community

    3-3-1- Inclusion criteria

    3-4- Sampling method and sample size

    3-5- Data collection method

    3-6- Data collection tool

    3-6-1- Evaluation of demographic, economic-social variables, lifestyle and health status

    3-6-2- Assessment of severity Depression

    3-6-3- Assessment of food intake

    3-6-4- Assessment of physical activity

    3-6-5- Assessment of anthropometric status

    3-7- Method of data analysis

    3-8- Place and time of study

    3-9- Research limitations

    3-10- Ethical considerations

    3-11- Definition Words

    Chapter Four: Findings                

    4-1- Determining the severity of depression in the studied women

    4-2- Identified food patterns

    4-3- Distribution of demographic and economic-social variables in different categories of depression severity

    4-4- Distribution of lifestyle variables and health status, body mass index and energy intake in different categories of depression severity

    4-5- Distribution Demographic variables in different categories of food patterns

    4-6- Distribution of economic-social variables in different categories of food patterns

    4-7- Distribution of variables of lifestyle and health status, body mass profile and energy intake in different categories of food patterns

    4-8- Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for depression among categories of food patterns

    Chapter five: Discussion, conclusions and suggestions

    5-1- Discussion about the findings related to depression

    5-1-1- Discussion about the findings related to the prevalence of depression

    5-1-2- Discussion about the factors related to depression

    5-1-2-1- Age

    5-1-2-2- Family size and number of children

    5-1-2-3- Education

    5-1-2-4- Income

    5-1-2-5- Housing ownership status

    5-1-2-6- Employment status

    5-1-2-7- Marital status

    5-1-2-8- Anthropometric measurements

    5-1-2-9- Received energy

    5-2- Discussion about the findings related to patterns Food

    3-5-Discussion about food patterns and depression

    5-4- Conclusion

    5-5- Recommendations

    List of references

    Appendices

    Source:

     

     

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    Ahmadi, A. and Yosefi, G. (2008). "The incidence of depression and related causes among Bakhteyari tribal population, Iran - 2006." Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 10(2): 65-68.

     

    Akbaraly, T. N. Brunner, E. J. Ferrie, J. E. Marmot, M. G. Kivimaki M. and. Singh-Manoux A. (2009). "Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age." British Journal of Psychiatry 195(5): 408-413.

     

    Akhtar-Danesh, N. and Landeen J. (2007). "International Journal of Mental Health Systems." International Journal of Mental Health Systems 1: 4. Attari, A. Ekramnia, F. Naghdi, F. Farzaneh, H. Rismanchian, A. and Jaberi, P. (1998). "Epidemiological study of the prevalence of. "Epidemiological study of the prevalence of depression in people over 20 years in Esfahan." Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 1(3): 41-44. (In Persian)

     

    Azadbakht, L. Mirmiran, P. Esmaillzadeh, A. and Azizi, F. (2005). "Dairy consumption is inversely associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82(3): 523-530.

     

    Ballenger, J. C. Davidson, J. R. Lecrubier, Y. Nutt, D. J. Bobes, J. Beidel, D. C. et al. (1998). "Consensus statement on social anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59 Suppl 17: 54-60.

     

    Ballenger, J. C. Davidson, J. R. Lecrubier, Y. Nutt, D. J. Borkovec, T. D. Rickels, K. et al. (2001). "Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 Suppl 11: 53-58.

     

    Blazer, D. G. and Hybels, C. F. (2005). "Origins of depression in later life." Psychological Medicine 35(9): 1241-1252.

     

    Cangiano, C. Laviano, A. Del Ben, M. Preziosa, I. Angelico, F. Cascino, A. et al. (1998). "Effects of oral 5-hydroxy-tryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients." International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders 22(7): 648-654.

     

    Chan, R. Chan, D. and Woo, J. (2014). "A Prospective Cohort Study to Examine the Association between Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms in Older Chinese People in Hong Kong." PLoS One 9(8): e105760.

     

    Esmaillzadeh, A. Kimiagar, M. Mehrabi, Y. and Azadbakht, L. (2005). "Major dietary patterns and chronic disease risk." Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders 5(1): 1-9.

     

    Ghaffarpour, M. Houshiar-Rad, A. and Kianfar, H. (1999). "The manual for household measures, cooking yield factors and edible portion of foods." Tehran: Nashre Olume Keshavarzy. (In persian)

     

    Ghassemzadeh, H. Mojtabai, R. Karamghadiri, N. and Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). "Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN." Anxiety and Depression 21(4): 185-192.

     

    Hadavi, M. Ali Dallaki, S. and Holagooee, M. (2006). "Prevalence of depression in women referring to RAFSANJAN city health centers." Iranian Journal of Nursing Research 1(2): 55-61. (In persian)

     

    Hu, F. B. (2002). "Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology" Current Opinion in Lipidology 13(1): 3-9.

     

    Hu, F. B. Rimm, E. Smith-Warner, S. A. Feskanich, D. Stampfer, M. J. Ascherio, A. et al. (1999). "Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(2): 243-249.

     

    Jacka, F. N. Cherbuin, N. Anstey, K. J. and Butterworth P. (2014). "Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms over time: examining the relationships with socioeconomic position, health behaviors and cardiovascular risk." PLoS One 9(1): e87657.

     

    Jacka, F. N. Kremer, P. J. Berk, M. de Silva-Sanigorski, A. M. Moodie, M. Leslie, E. R. et al. (2011). "A prospective study of diet quality and mental health in adolescents." PLoS One 6(9): e24805.

     

    Jacka, F. N. Pasco, J. A. Mykletun, A. Williams, L. J. Hodge, A. M. O'Reilly, S. L. et al. (2010). "Association of Western and traditional diets with depression and anxiety in women." The American Journal of Psychiatry 167(3): 305-311.

     

    Kalantari, N. and Ghaffarpour, M. (2005). "National Comprehensive Study on Household Food Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Status IR IRAN, 2001-2003.

Prevalence of depression and its relationship with dietary patterns in women referring to health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2012
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