Master's Thesis, Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture
Group: Carpet
November 2013
Abstract:
Some contemporary (mostly commercial) carpets have defects in the color, which are examined by a restorer and repaired at the customer's request. This operation is called painting. The important point is that a significant part of these restoration operations do not last and with the passage of time, sunlight or the first washing of this hidden phenomenon will be revealed again. Unfortunately, the information and methods of this operation lack educational and scientific efficiency, and this process does not meet any of the scientific goals and standards of handwoven carpets. This research aims to design and investigate the possibility of building a device for local dyeing of contemporary restoration carpets with the aim of optimizing the dyeing process in handwoven carpet restoration. With the restoration approach and the method of library and laboratory data collection, then the data analysis and conclusions are discussed. The independent index includes the type and concentration of dye, flow rate, carpet index and the dependent index is the suction power of the machine and the skill of the user. In order to evaluate the experiments performed on the sample carpets, washing stability and optical stability tests were performed and then the brightness and color difference were measured by the reflective spectrophotometer. The results showed that increasing the duration of suction lead to The percentage of spreading is lower and the highest percentage of dye penetration is obtained with the increase of dye concentration. By increasing the duration of dyeing, natural dyes produced the least color difference with the control carpet sample compared to chemical dyes.
Key words: carpet restoration_dyeing_handwoven carpet.
Chapter 1
Research overview
1-1 Introduction
Some new and old carpets (mostly commercial) have color defects. according to the customer's request, the repairer will check and fix the defect. are placed The collection of these operations is called color removal, paint work, painting, or pen bite[1]" Aftekhari Rad, 2012, p. 21". The important thing about painting is that a significant part of these restoration operations do not last and with the passage of time, sunlight or the first washing of this hidden phenomenon will be revealed again. Unfortunately, the information and methods of this operation lack educational and scientific efficiency, and this process does not meet any of the scientific and standard goals. The field of activity of this profession has greatly expanded from restoration, in line with the completion of export carpets and sometimes for domestic use, and has created a good position for itself. However, none of the notes in this regard led to favorable research results. "Arbabi, 1386, p. 185"
Factors that necessitate the use of this stage of restoration:
1- Ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which has a great effect on reducing the color of the carpet.
2- The weaver's mistake in choosing the color of a cream and changing that color in a part of the fabric, which is called streaking of the carpet.
3- In the middle of weaving, one of the creams is finished and a new cream is prepared, which does not match the color of the previous cream, and the carpet becomes two-colored. It is not desirable.
6- Improper coloring or the use of unfamiliar and unusual colors. "Arbabi, 1386, pp. 6, 7".
And other factors that lead to the use of paint operations in restoration workshops. Usually, this operation is done by coloring materials such as: ink colors, crayons, markers, as well as oxidizers and regenerators such as potassium permanganate, baking soda (sour rock), lemon juice (citric acid), hydrosulfite, chlorine, etc. is used The tool for this operation is a brush and a container of paint. .
With these interpretations and according to the validity of handwoven carpets in the world and its standards, in this stage of restoration, changes should be made for improvement, or in other words, researchers should take effective steps to fix the defects and improve its quality. It is expected that by making a machine for local dyeing of restoration carpets in the finishing workshop, this defect of Iranian handwoven carpets will be solved.
1-2 Necessity of conducting research
Handwoven carpet is one of the most artistic hand products of mankind, which in addition to having artistic value, is considered a source of foreign exchange income in the country's economy. The production process of this industrial art is very extensive and in all stages of quality and standardization, it has improved this product. All the carpets produced are put in the finishing process to upgrade and improve and according to the standards of the National Iranian Handwoven Carpet Center and the taste of the market. The operations that take place in the carpet finishing workshop include salting, leather embroidery, two knots and chain weaving, carpet back tucking, stringing, staining or color removal operations. Among these dyeing operations, it is considered unconventional and a kind of fraud, in such a way that the restorer covers the pale parts of the carpet with a brush or marker, which merges with the first passion of the colors and ruins the appearance of the carpet" Arbabi, 1386, p. 24". With these interpretations, we decided to investigate the dyeing operation in contemporary handwoven carpets and improve it if possible.
1-3 research records
Ali despite searching in various books and sites related to carpets, dyeing and restoration, no material was found regarding the objectivity of the research ahead, but valuable materials were found about restoration, which are expressed by citing sources. Restoration is a collection of sciences, techniques and arts. Among the various sciences, chemistry from the group of basic sciences is more related to restoration than other sciences. Restoration means all the activities that are done to modify the existing materials and the structure of the cultural work in order to show the previously known state. It is certain that it is not possible to modify the ingredients of the work and its structure without first knowledge and until the restorer does not know what he is dealing with, he will not be able to fix its defects and damage. One of the scientific and specialized fields is hand-woven carpet in the stage of completion, restoration or refurbishing" Talibpour, 1381". The history of carpet restoration has existed since its birth. Although it is not respected as an art. The restorer does not and does not deal only with old carpets. In other words, the repairer does not cover the defect but completes it. The carpet was meant to enter the market and sell it.
There are two types of restoration methods: Italian restoration – American restoration: In Italian restoration, respect for the work of art and respect for the restorer is a principle. For example, a carpet that is damaged with a cream background is tried to choose a lighter or darker color of the damaged part so that the effects of restoration can be seen in the carpet. This method of restoration mostly includes historical objects and buildings. In American restoration, the part of the carpet that needs to be restored is tried to be completely simulated so that the difference between the restored part and the non-restored part is not known. These two methods of restoration are used in both carpets and other art objects. The market restoration method is either a science based on the science of restoration (the Italian restoration) or a market method in which the carpet is restored in such a way that the defect cannot be recognized (the American restoration method). Usually, the age of a carpet is an important criterion in restoration, and from this point of view, carpets are divided into three categories. Carpets from 1 to 30 years (new) from 30 to 100 years and from 100 years and above (antique carpets)
Evaluating and determining the age is important. For example, the age of the carpet up to 30 years should be based on the American method and not have any color change, and the working mechanism should be such that the carpet looks like the first day. In the age of 30 to 100 years, the method of restoration is usually in the Italian style, and the value of the carpet lies in the age of the carpet. In a carpet that is 100 years old or older, they keep the carpet in its current condition so that the deterioration does not increase. For example, two pieces of carpet of this age may be found. In such cases, it is not possible to tie them together and make a new carpet. In these cases, they spread a white cloth on a smooth surface and place carpet pieces on the cloth so that the carpet pieces are not damaged further. In general, restoration or completion is a stage of carpet production for which a standard can be defined so that in addition to the effect of carpet quality, the value of the work of restorers is recognized in the production process.